Originally published 7/5/2017
When multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) goes head-to-head against transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), it continues to demonstrate clear seniority in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa).
Although conventional grayscale ultrasound can provide better results when combined with additional power using b-mode or Doppler USS, newer technologies continue to be developed.
These include something called shear wave propagation using focused ultrasound beams, and the application of Artificial Intelligence in ways similar to its incorporation with mpMRI.
The bottom line? As stated by Grey, et al., “The evidence base on the diagnostic performance of ultrasound in both PCa detection and localization continues to expand but could not yet be said to rival that of MRI.”[i]
Did you ever make a pinhole camera when you were young? Pinhole cameras are the most basic type of camera. All you need is a closed box with a black interior, a pinhole in one side, and some type of film opposite the side with the pinhole. They capture pretty good pictures, depending on the experience of the photographer – if you’re curious, you can see a gallery of images at http://www.pinhole.org. For the hobbyist, pinhole photography can be relaxing and fun. But for a wartime journalist recording dangerous situations, it would be essential to carry a very sensitive, responsive high-tech camera and several different lenses. The right tool is needed for capturing details in high resolution images in order to record accurate visual information. In fact, a single image can be a game-changer: a powerful 1972 photo of the “Napalm Girl” helped turn the tide of public opinion to end the Vietnam War.[ii]
When it comes to detecting prostate cancer, it’s important to think like a journalist in a combat zone. If you don’t want to lose the battle against prostate cancer, you want to capture and transmit to decision-makers the most accurate visual information possible. You want images that can reveal suspicious areas, and precise scans that can be correlated with all other information such as biomarkers. You need those images to map out a strategy, determine if interventions such as a biopsy or treatment are needed, which “weapons” to use against a tumor, and where to direct them.
Before multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) became what it is today, the best prostate “camera” available was transrectal ultrasound, or TRUS. TRUS can do things that were previously impossible. Without having to physically open the abdomen or perineum, TRUS can depict the size and shape of the prostate, its location just below the bladder, and the biopsy needles as they are injected into the gland. This is what TRUS can do, and it’s better than the surgical procedures previously used to gain the same information.
However, TRUS has limitations. Rothwax et al. (2014) succinctly tell us what it cannot do: “What TRUS fails to provide, however, is information that pertains to the composition of the prostate tissue itself, whether it is benign or malignant and, if malignant tissue is present, whether it has spread beyond the prostate capsule.”[iii] Multiparametric MRI, on the other hand, is like a high-tech camera with different “lenses” or ways of capturing the same “scene” for different tissue effects. These are then correlated with each other to capture the total picture in 3D. Today’s mpMRI integrates three different scanning sequences: T2 weighted MRI, diffusion weighted MRI, and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. Each sequence acts like a special lens to characterize certain features or composition of the tissue being scanned. At our Center, we have a state-of-the-art 3 Tesla (3T) magnet that is so powerful we do not use an endorectal coil. We follow the mpMRI protocol established by PI-RADS v2 that contains standards agreed upon by international experts for scanning, interpreting and reporting the results. We can determine which zones of the prostate contain healthy, normal tissue; which have benign conditions such as BPH, cysts or inflammation; and which contain cancer-suspicious lesions. We can rate the suspicious areas on the PI-RADS scale from 1 to 5, where 1 is very low likelihood that clinically significant cancer is present, and 5 shows very high likelihood that significant cancer is present.
Our prostate imaging at the Sperling Prostate Center is recognized as a game-changer, helping set the bar for excellence. We have made a powerful contribution toward turning the prostate imaging tide in favor of mpMRI. Compared with the limitations of transrectal ultrasound, mpMRI has become the prostate imaging of choice in the war against prostate cancer.
NOTE: This content is solely for purposes of information and does not substitute for diagnostic or medical advice. Talk to your doctor if you are experiencing pelvic pain, or have any other health concerns or questions of a personal medical nature.
References
[i] Grey ADR, Connor MJ, Tam J, Loch T. Can transrectal prostate ultrasound compete with multiparametric MRI in the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer? Transl Androl Urol. 2020 Jun;9(3):1492-1500.
[ii] Mark Edward Harris, “Photographer Who Took Iconic Vietnam Photo Looks Back, 40 Years After The War Ended.” Vanity Fair HIVE, April 3, 2015. http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2015/04/vietnam-war-napalm-girl-photo-today
[iii] Rothwax J, George A, Wood BJ, Pinto P. Multiparametric MRI in biopsy guidance for prostate cancer: fusion guided. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 439171
About Dr. Dan Sperling
Dan Sperling, MD, DABR, is a board certified radiologist who is globally recognized as a leader in multiparametric MRI for the detection and diagnosis of a range of disease conditions. As Medical Director of the Sperling Prostate Center, Sperling Medical Group and Sperling Neurosurgery Associates, he and his team are on the leading edge of significant change in medical practice. He is the co-author of the new patient book Redefining Prostate Cancer, and is a contributing author on over 25 published studies. For more information, contact the Sperling Prostate Center.
